Evolutionary scientists have been trying to form a consolidated theory of ageing since the 1890's.

Enquiry into the evolution of ageing aims to explain why a detrimental process such as ageing would evolve, and why there is so much variability in the lifespans of living organisms. The classical theories of evolution (mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and disposable soma) suggest that environmental factors such as predation, accidents, disease, starvation, etc. ensure that most organisms living in natural settings will not live until old age, and so there will be very little pressure to conserve genetic changes that increase longevity. Natural selection will instead strongly favor genes which ensure early maturation and rapid reproduction, and the selection for genetic traits which promote molecular and cellular self-maintenance will decline with age for most organisms.“

Source : Wikipedia

One theory is that random deleterious mutations can be minimised if organisms have limited lifespans, but no theory yet explains how mutations can affect fitness at different ages and the evolution of senescence.

The huge variability of lifespans is also unexplained. Within mammals for example, average lifespan varies by a factor of 100 across different species. Shrews live about 2 years, and some whales can live to over 200. (Source : Wikipedia ) (Note: There is a partial correlation which links the number of heartbeats and mammals' lifespan - i.e. longer living mammals tend to have slower heartbeats)

There are many species which appear to have quite minimal or even no increase in mortality after maturity - so-called 'Negligible Senescence' - e.g. in fish (sturgeon), plants (aspen), hydra, some jellyfish, arthropods (lobsters) etc etc. - list here

In mammals, the Naked mole rat plugin-autotooltip__plain plugin-autotooltip_bigNaked mole-rat - cancer resistance

"Naked mole-rats (NMRs; Heterocephalus glaber) are highly adapted, eusocial rodents renowned for their extreme longevity and resistance to cancer. Because cancer has not been formally described in this species, NMRs have been increas…has a lifespan which exceeds that of closely related species by a factor of 20 or so. It's assumed to be due to an as yet unidentified genetic mechanism which may be linked to the fact that naked mole rats don't get cancer (see link).

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